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Sacrifices

To propitiate the gods, they resorted to the Mayan sacrifices. addition to the range of cereals and animals were burned incense before the gods, the Maya practiced on themselves extraction ritual of blood obtained by carving the ears, the language and the male member with pins made from sharp thorns fish and the tails of the race, the rating of the gods was directly proportional to the rank of the tenderer, and the king had to undergo periodicamente alle dolorose trafitture. Si ricorreva anche a sacrifici umani in cui le vittime venivano sgozzate su un apposito altare, uccise a colpi di frecce o affogate nel pozzo sacro.

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Shamans


Maestro dell’arte divinatoria e guaritore, lo sciamano portava una collana di mandibole di cervo e di denti di caimano e un’altra di preziosa giada, oltre che gli ornamenti per le orecchie.
Per le profezie, le magie e per l’autosacrificio faceva ricorso a gusci di tartaruga, specchi di mica, conchiglie, spilloni and quartz.
His burials were distinguished from the others because of their greater wealth, beauty and the character of the objects inserted in them.

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Polytheism


The Maya cosmos was formed by nine of thirteen heavens and hells. The heavens were divided into horizontal layers, one above the other, they lived in certain deities, and were supported by four of the (i Bacab) near the cardinal points that were related colors.
Most of the Maya was in groups of four, precisely in connection with the sides of the world. The gods could have both positive and negative aspects, but both (for example, were both benevolent and malevolent Chac: sent the rain but also hail or excessive moisture that destroyed the corn), could also change their residence and thus be considered the god of heaven or god of the underworld. Their appearance could be a mixture of human and plant or animal of the human form with only were rare.
Among the most important celestial deities the Mayans had the sun and the moon to which they had many legends. The sun was the patron saint of music and poetry, the moon was the goddess of weaving and fertility.
Itzamna was at the top of the Mayan pantheon, was symbolized by a cross-eyed old man with a body of a lizard. Inventor of writing, were grateful for the donated food and medical science. He precedence over the other deities, each of which was the protector of a sphere of life or a profession: there was the god of travelers, traders, warriors, the fisherman and many other activities.
Chac, the god of lies, was an old man with the long nose and eyes T-shaped to symbolize the tears that in turn draw water. Being a benevolent deity who is malevolent, it was necessary propiziarselo with rituals and sacrifices, even human.
was also called "water" because it was thought that keeping the water in a pumpkin and sprinkle with time to time upon the earth reversing the pumpkin the world has suffered flooding.
Kaax Yum, the god of wheat, was represented with a youthful appearance and a plant with flowers in hand.
Among the gods there is the agricultural land and particularly the god of corn and vegetation in general, which was represented by a corn plant that grew on his head.
not only agricultural products had a protective deity, but also the highest peaks, springs, rivers and the confluence of various aspects of nature, taking on a religious character and were the object of worship.
The Jaguar god was also a very important deity nel sistema maya; simbolo di potenza, a causa delle abitudini notturne e delle macchie sul mantello, era associato all’oscurità ed era diventato, nella mitologia, il sole nascosto dalla notte.
I Maya credevano anche a molte divinità malefiche a cui facevano risalire gli eventi negativi come ad esempio la malattia, il dolore, la morte o la carestia.

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Maya Maya Sacred Text


Secondo il testo sacro dei Maya, il Popol Vuh, la terra era la parte centrale dell’universo, sormontata da 13 cieli, sostenuti da 4 divinità, i Bacab, disposti secondo i punti cardinali. Al di sotto scendevano, fino al profondo Mitnal, i 9 mondi sotterranei governati da 9 Signori della Notte.
Il creatore del mondo, Hunahpu, mai rappresentato, generò i Gemelli Eroi che, dopo aver sconfitto i Signori degli Inferi nel gioco della palla, salirono al cielo e si trasformarono in dei: il sole, Itzamm, maestro delle scienze, inventore della scrittura, del calendario e della medicina, dio del mais e dell’agricoltura, e la luna, Ixchel, che proteggeva la tessitura, l’artigianato e le nascite. Il dio della pioggia, Chac, fu divinità importante e il suo culto fu l’unico a sopravvivere anche dopo la conquista spagnola.
Signori del mondo sotterraneo e dei sacrifici umani erano il dio della morte, raffigurato come scheletro, e il dio della War, always accompanied by the dog and the mythical bird Moan.

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funerary

in Maya burials accompanied the corpse a few items that could be more or less prosperous depending on the status of the deceased.
A very rich grave goods accompanied the remains of a shaman, a variety of outfits, for example, contained items of rarity and richness and consisted of ten containers of shells and fragments of quartz used for practice by the shaman of prophecy and of magic, there were two turtle shells, symbols of the earth's surface, used anche come strumenti musicali, e dei frammenti di mica e di piccole conchiglie che appartenevano in origine a uno specchio; vi erano da ultimo dei vistosi gioielli decorativi che servivano da ornamento personale, oggetto magico e offerta rituale. Sono stati ritrovati inoltre spilloni utilizzati dallo sciamano per gli autosacrifici rituali. Il corredo poteva contenere anche armi di ossidiana o di selce e ornamenti personali spesso di giadeite.
Inoltre accompagnavano il defunto idoli per lo più di terracotta e argilla, ma anche di legno e di pietra. Il corredo delle persone meno agiate tuttavia era differente e di minor valore; infatti consisteva in oggetti di rozza fattura sia di ceramica sia di pietra. Anche le sepolture variavano depending on social class to which the deceased belonged. The less wealthy class used to bury their dead in large heaps to a large man, of clay that were sometimes placed over 50 individuals. The more wealthy class of the population were placed in heaps, taller than the previous ones, which contained a single person. There was also the use of burial chambers built of stone covered with a mound of earth, in some cases, these graves could contain two or three superposed chambers in which the body of the deceased occupied the upper compartment. In some places, the cremation was also used commonly for the leaders. The ashes were contained in large terra-cotta censers undecorated or in containers.

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Religion


An important aspect of Mayan culture was religion.
This was characterized by the presence of many gods (polytheism) and the elaboration of many legends and myths.
very significant to the Mayans were the natural phenomena that they were the manifestation of the mood of the gods, associating for example the phenomenon of drought in their wrongdoing, which had annoyed the deity. To gain the good will of the gods resorted to sacrifice.
Figure sacred very important ones were the priests and shamans.
A demonstration di quanto fosse importante la religione per questo popolo sono le tombe che avevano anche una grande importanza sociale. Nei propri riti, i Maya facevano uso di droghe come il liquore al cacao che era considerato una bevanda divina; si beveva sia nelle feste rituali che nell’aldilà. I semi di cacao costituivano anche un’unità di misura dei prezzi.
All’interno del libro sacro dei Maya, il Popol Vuh, era contenuto il loro pensiero filosofico: l’uomo è un tutto armonico con l’ambiente

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The essays by Maya guerrillas


Gli imperi Maya, azteco e inca hanno suscitato meraviglia nei conquistatori spagnoli, che non riuscirono a capire come e quando si erano formati. I colonizzatori successivi ma soprattutto i religiosi sono riuscita a svelare parte del mistero interrogando gli stessi indigeni. In virtù di tali informazioni e di numerosi lavori scientifici sappiamo abbastanza della crescita e dell'apogeo, non delle origini, che restano avvolte nelle nebbie della leggenda. I Maya sono stati i più antichi e più geniali. Popoli Maya ve ne sono stati due: uno più antico che si stanziò principalmente nei bassopiani del Guatemala e un altro moderno che dominò la penisola dello Yucatan (Messico). I primi Maya sono i saggi gli ultimi i militari; gli antichi hanno domato le città di Tikal, Palenque, Calakmul, Copàn e sono stati gli inventori di una scrittura di ideogrammi e segni fonetici non ancora pienamente decifrata, di un calendario di 365 gironi, di un sistema cronologico e così via. Questi Maya, antichi o classici, vissero principalmente tra gli anni 250 e 900 della nostra era. Sono famosi i loro Templi con scalinate e fastigi, i palazzi con numerosi stanze, i campi per il gioco della palla, bagni di vapore, gli osservatori astronomici, le strade teachers, the stelae and altars.
Their decline began in the late eighth century and ended in the tenth century ruin. On the causes of the sunset, there are several different hypotheses, soil exhaustion, climate change, volcanic eruptions, civil war, peasants' revolt. A remnant of the Mayan people migrated to the highlands of Guatemala and the Yucatan peninsula. There is room in a dry country and water shortages that had to be sought in the underground digging huge pits those Cenotes. Large villages were built around cenotes that became cities like Chichen Itza, Kabah, Labnà. the beginning of the tenth century Yucatan was invaded by waves of peoples from the north proveninti. One group was from the Toltec city of Tula, who settled in the city of Chichen Itza and merged with the Mayan people and gave rise to the new domain. These are the new Maya or "guerrillas". Chichen Itza was built so that it becomes the most beautiful city and the Temple of Guerrigleri is among the most majestic of all the Mayan tradition. Other buildings notable were the Temple of the Courtyard of the hundred or Kulkulcan columns (columns in the shape of a snake-head near the ground, influence of northern civilization). Coltempo are in the infinity of elements of Mayan culture: an astronomical observatory circular fields for playing ball, the mosaics in the decoration of the facades, the old Mayan god of rain. Chichen dominated the territory of the Yucatan for two centuries, establishing a powerful centralized state with a combination of military force of Toltec origin, and trade of Mayan origin. The city of the new empire procuravono food they needed from the culture of the neighboring lands. Corn, beans, zucchini, peppers, chia (like sage) and cocoa, as well as fine wood, cotton, agave, colors and luxury items such as jade, turquoise, pyrite, alabaster, amber, copper and gold. The preponderance of Chichen Itza ended in tyranny. The destroyers of tyranny in turn became the tyrants themselves. Mayapan was the last great Mayan city, was founded by a wall of 9 km within which to calculate 4100 edifici, 140 dei quali a destinazioni cerimoniali e 2100 edifici che servivano da abitazione a una popolazione stimata in 12.000 abitanti. La forza di questo popolo era tuttavia l'esercito, composto da mercenari una parte dei quali provenivano dal Messico, terra di grandi guerriglieri; con l'aiuto di costoro mantennero la supremazia nello Yucatàn fino al 1441, quando alcune rivolte annientarono insieme la dinastia e l'egemonia della città. Verso la fine del XV secolo la popolazione Maya dello Yucatàn aveva abbandonato i centri urbani e viveva nelle zone rurali, conservando gli antichi costumi and limited trade relations. E 'because he found the English conquistador Cortes in 1524, passing through the region on the way to Honduras.

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Discovery dell'inframondo the way of the Maya calendar Mayan

MEXICO CITY . Mexican archaeological authorities have announced the discovery in the Yucatan Peninsula at least 14 possible underground temples, some submerged in water, which could be part of the legendary journey of the Maya civilization imagined to enter nell'inframondo, Xilbalbà ruled by the God of Death. Guillermo de Anda, in charge of the excavations of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) of Mexico, said that came to light a series of cenotes (water wells inside the caves) and labyrinthine caves and buildings in difficult to access, similar to the existing description in the Popol Vuh, the sacred book par excellence of the Maya. De Anda has described the discovery, which could go up to a maximum of about 1900 years ago, a "pleasant surprise" because it confirms the existence of religious practices that have so far tended to consider legendary. "To get into the Xilbalbà, the Maya underworld, it was necessary - he added - along a winding road, at the end of which was, according to the Popol Vuh, a water body with buildings, where the aspirant had to overcome hardships, including rivers filled with scorpions and blood of bats.

The Italian scientist Leonardo Malentacchi recalls in this connection that the universe was divided for Maya into three layers: the underworld (the underworld or Xilbalbà), land (Cab) and the upper world (heaven Caan). Archaeologists have located among other things, even down to a depth of 40 meters, a 'Sacbe', that is a long stone path a hundred yards, connected to a road system similar to that achieved at Chichen Itza, one of the most important Mayan archaeological sites in the Yucatan. The complex cenotes of temples and extends to the territory of several municipalities in the central region of the peninsula (Tecoh, Homun, Kantunil, and Chochola Abalo) and access to it is possible through a natural tunnel hidden by carved stones, to which access has just visible a height of one meter and a width of 50-60 cm. During the excavations in the complex maze of corridors, shafts and temples, were also found human remains and items of pottery used as a kind of tender, sculptures of priests, as well as votive inscriptions and engravings.

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